I toa te pākahiko Lithium i te 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry!

Ko te 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry i whakawhiwhia ki a John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, me Akira Yoshino mo o raatau takoha i roto i te waahi o nga papahiko lithium.

Ka titiro whakamuri ki te Tohu Nobel mo te Matū o te tau 1901-2018
I te tau 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "I kitea nga ture o te kinetics matū me te pehanga osmotic o te otinga."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Germany): "Mahi i roto i te whakahiato o te huka me te purines."

I roto i te 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "I whakaarohia te ariā o te ionization."

I te tau 1904, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "I kitea nga huānga hau rangatira i te rangi me te whakatau i to raatau tuunga ki te ripanga o nga huānga."

I te tau 1905, ko Adolf von Bayer (Germany): "Ko te rangahau mo nga waikano waro me nga pūhui kakara hauwai i whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te matū waro me te umanga matū."

I roto i te 1906, Henry Moissan (France): "I rangahau me te wehe i te huānga fluorine, me te whakamahi i te oumu hiko i tapaina ki a ia."

1907, Edward Buchner (Germany): "Mahi i roto i te Rangahau matū-koiora me te kitenga o te Fermentation-Kore-a-Putau."

I te tau 1908, ko Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Te rangahau mo te huringa o nga huānga me te radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany): "Te mahi rangahau mo te catalysis me nga kaupapa matua o te taurite matū me te tere tauhohenga matū."

I roto i te 1910, Otto Wallach (Germany): "Ko te mahi paionia i roto i te mara o nga pūhui alicyclic i whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te matū matū me te ahumahi matū."

I te tau 1911, Marie Curie (Poland): "i kitea nga huānga o te radium me te polonium, te radium purea me te ako i nga ahuatanga o tenei huānga whakamiharo me ona pūhui."

I te tau 1912, Victor Grignard (France): "I hangaia te reagent Grignard";

Paul Sabatier (Farani): "I hangaia te tikanga hauwai o nga puhui waro i te aroaro o te paura whakarewa pai."

I te tau 1913, ko Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Ko te ako mo nga hononga ngota i roto i nga ngota ngota, ina koa i roto i te waahi o te matū parakore."

I te 1914, ko Theodore William Richards (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Te whakatau tika o te taumaha ngota o te maha o nga mea matū."

I te tau 1915, ko Richard Wilstedt (Germany): "Ko te ako mo nga tipu tipu, ina koa ko te ako mo te chlorophyll."

I te tau 1916, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

I te tau 1917, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

I te tau 1918, ka "rangahau a Fritz Haber Tiamana mo te whakahiato o te haukini mai i nga matū ngawari."

I te tau 1919, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

1920, Walter Nernst (Germany): "Ko te ako o te thermochemistry."

I te tau 1921, ko Frederick Soddy (UK): "Ko te takoha ki te mohio o te tangata ki nga ahuatanga matū o nga mea iraruke, me te rangahau i te takenga mai me nga ahuatanga o te noho motuhake."

I te tau 1922, Francis Aston (Ingarani): "He nui te tini o nga momotuhanga o nga mea irirangi-kore i kitea ma te whakamahi i te irirangi papatipu, a ka whakamaramatia te ture o nga tauoti."

I roto i te 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "I hanga te tikanga microanalysis o pūhui waro."

I te tau 1924, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

I roto i te 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Germany): "Whakamaramahia te ahua heterogeneous o rongoā colloidal me te hanga tikanga tātari e pā ana."

I te 1926, ko Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Te ako mo nga punaha whakaheke."

I roto i te 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Germany): "Te rangahau mo te hanganga o te waikawa o te papa me nga matū e pa ana."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Germany): "Te ako mo te hanganga o te steroids me o raatau hononga ki nga huaora."

I te tau 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Germany): "Nga rangahau mo te huka me te whaariki fermentation."

1930, Hans Fischer (Germany): "Ko te ako mo te hanganga o te heme me te chlorophyll, ina koa ko te ako mo te whakahiato o te heme."

I te tau 1931, Karl Bosch (Germany), Friedrich Bergius (Germany): "Te hanga me te whakawhanake i te hangarau matū teitei."

I te tau 1932, ko Irving Lanmere (USA): "Te Rangahau me te Whakakitenga o te Matū Mata."

I te tau 1933, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

I te matahiti 1934, ua itea mai ia Harold Clayton Yuri (Marite): “ua itea mai te hydrogen teimaha”.

I te tau 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (France), Irene Yorio-Curie (France): "Kua whakahiatohia nga huānga radioactive hou."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "E mohio ana ki te hanganga ngota i roto i te ako o nga wa dipole me te rereketanga o nga hihi X me nga irahiko i roto i te hau."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Te rangahau mo nga warowaihā me te Huaora C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Te rangahau mo te carotenoids, flavin, huaora A me te huaora B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Germany): "Te rangahau mo te carotenoids me te huaora."

I te tau 1939, ko Adolf Butnant (Germany): "Te rangahau mo nga homoni ira tangata";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Te rangahau mo te polymethylene me nga terpene teitei ake."

I te tau 1940, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

I te tau 1941, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

I te tau 1942, karekau he tohu i whakawhiwhia.

I te tau 1943, ko George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Isotopes e whakamahia ana hei tohu i roto i te rangahau o nga tukanga matū."

I te tau 1944, ko Otto Hahn (Germany): "Tirohia te wehenga o te karihi taumaha."

I roto i te 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Te rangahau me te tenenga o te ahuwhenua me te matū kai, ina koa ko te tikanga mo te rokiroki kai."

I te tau 1946, James B. Sumner (USA): "I kitea ka taea te whakamaarama i nga enzymes";

John Howard Northrop (Te Hononga o Amerika), Wendell Meredith Stanley (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Kua whakaritea nga whaariki maa-nui me nga pūmua viral."

I te tau 1947, ko Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Te rangahau mo nga hua tipu o te hiranga koiora nui, ina koa ko nga alkaloids."

I roto i te 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Te rangahau i runga i te electrophoresis me te tātaritanga adsorption, ina koa mo te ahua uaua o nga pūmua serum."

I te tau 1949, ko William Geok (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Ko nga takoha i roto i te waahi o te thermodynamics matū, ina koa ko te ako o nga matū i raro i te pāmahana tino iti."

I te tau 1950, ko Otto Diels (Te Hauauru Tiamana), ko Kurt Alder (Te Hauauru Tiamana): "i kitea, i whakawhanakehia te tikanga whakahiato diene."

I te 1951, Edwin Macmillan (Te Hononga o Amerika), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (Te Hononga o Amerika): "kua kitea nga waahanga transuranic."

I te tau 1952, ko Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Kaiwaiata (UK): "I hangaia te chromatography wehewehenga."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (West Germany): "Nga kitenga rangahau i te mara o te matū polymer."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "Ko te rangahau i nga ahuatanga o nga here matū me tana whakamahinga i roto i te whakamaramatanga o te hanganga o nga matū uaua."

I roto i te 1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Te rangahau i runga i te whanariki-kei roto pūhui o te hiranga matū koiora, ina koa ko te whakahiato o nga homoni peptide mo te wa tuatahi."

I te 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) me Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Te rangahau mo te tikanga o nga tauhohenga matū."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Ka mahi i roto i te rangahau o nga nucleotides me te nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "Ko te ako o te hanganga pūmua me te hanganga, ina koa ko te ako o te insulin."

I roto i te 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "i kitea me te whakawhanake i te tikanga tātari polarographic."

I te 1960, Willard Libby (Te Hononga o Amerika): "I hangaia he tikanga mo te taatai ​​ma te whakamahi i te waro 14 isotope, e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i nga mahi whaipara, te matawhenua, te matawhenua, me etahi atu kaupapa."

1961, Melvin Calvin (Te Hau Amui no Marite): "Te mau maimiraa no nia i te haapoheraa i te carbon dioxide e te mau raau tupu."

I roto i te 1962, Max Perutz UK me John Kendrew UK "rangahau i runga i te hanganga o te pūmua porohita."

1963, Carl Ziegler (West Germany), Gurio Natta (Italy): "Nga kitenga rangahau i roto i te mara o te matū polymer me te hangarau."

I te tau 1964, ko Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (Ingarani): "Te whakamahi i te hangarau X-ray ki te tātari i te hanganga o etahi matū matū koiora nui."

I te tau 1965, ko Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Te Paetae Tino Pai i roto i te Kohanga Organic."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Te rangahau taketake mo nga here matū me te hanganga hiko o te ngota ngota ma te whakamahi i te tikanga orbital molecular."

I roto i te 1967, Manfred Eigen (Te Hauauru Germany), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Te whakamahi i te pupuhi hiko poto ki te taurite i te tauhohenga Ko te tikanga o te raruraru, te ako o nga tauhohenga matū tere-tere."

I roto i te 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "i kitea te hononga tauutuutu i tapaina ki a ia, te whakatakoto i te turanga mo te thermodynamics o nga tukanga korekore."

I roto i te 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "I whakawhanakehia te ariā o te hanganga me tona whakamahinga i roto i te matū."

I te 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "i kitea nga nucleotides huka me o raatau mahi i roto i te koiora o nga warowaiha."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Canada): "Te rangahau mo te hanganga hiko me te ahuahanga o nga ngota, ina koa nga rauropi kore utu."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Te rangahau mo te ribonuclease, ina koa ko te ako mo te hononga i waenga i tana raupapa waikawa amino me te hanganga o te koiora";

Stanford Moore (Te Hononga o Amerika), William Howard Stein (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Te ako mo te hononga i waenga i te mahi catalytic o te pokapū kaha o te ribonuclease molecule me tona hanganga matū."

I te tau 1973, ko Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany) raua ko Jeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "He rangahau paionia mo nga ahuatanga matū o nga pūhui whakarewa-organic, e mohiotia ana ano he puhui hanawiti."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Te rangahau taketake mo te ariā me te whakamatautau o te matū tinana polymer."

1975, John Conforth (Ingarani): "Te ako i runga i te stereochemistry o nga tauhohenga whakaahuru-whakaoti."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Te ako mo te matū o te matū o te ngota ngota me te tauhohenga";

1976, William Lipscomb (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Ko te rangahau o te hanganga o te borane i whakamarama te raruraru o te hononga matū."

I roto i te 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Te takoha ki te kore-equilibrium thermodynamics, rawa te ariā o te hanganga dissipative."

I roto i te 1978, Peter Mitchell (UK): "Ma te whakamahi i te tauira ariā o te urunga matū ki te whai waahi ki te mohio ki te whakawhiti hiko koiora."

I te tau 1979, ko Herbert Brown (USA) me Georg Wittig (Te Tai Hauauru Tiamana): "I whakawhanakehia nga puhui boron-containing and phosphorus-containing pūhui hei reagents nui i roto i te whakahiato waro, ia."

I te 1980, ko Paul Berg (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Ko te rangahau o te matū koiora o nga waikawa nucleic, ina koa ko te rangahau o te DNA recombinant";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Nga Tikanga mo te Whakatau i nga Raarangi Aapapa DNA i roto i nga Waikawa Nucleic."

I te tau 1981, ko Kenichi Fukui (Japan) raua ko Rod Hoffman (USA): "Whakamaramahia te puta o nga tauhohenga matū na roto i o raatau whanaketanga motuhake o nga ariā."

I roto i te 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "I whakawhanakehia te moroiti irahiko karaihe me te ako i te hanganga o nga matatini waikawa-putea karihi me te hiranga koiora nui."

I roto i te 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Te rangahau mo te tikanga o nga tauhohenga whakawhiti irahiko ina koa i roto i nga matatini whakarewa."

I te tau 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "I hangaia he tikanga whakahiato matū-waahanga matū."

I roto i te 1985, Herbert Hauptman (United States), Jerome Carr (United States): "Ko nga whakatutukitanga tino nui i roto i te whakawhanaketanga o nga tikanga tika mo te whakatau i te hanganga karaihe."

I roto i te 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (United States), Li Yuanzhe (United States), John Charles Polanyi (Canada): "Ko nga takoha ki te ako o te tukanga kinetic o tauhohenga matū tuatahi."

I roto i te 1987, Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (France), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Developed and used molecules capable of highly selective structure-specific interactions."

I roto i te 1988, John Dysenhofer (Te Hauauru Germany), Robert Huber (Te Hauauru Germany), Hartmut Michel (Te Hauauru Germany): "Whakataunga o te hanganga e toru-ahu o te pokapū tauhohenga photosynthetic."

I te 1989, Sydney Altman (Canada), Thomas Cech (USA): "i kitea nga ahuatanga catalytic o RNA."

I roto i te 1990, Elias James Corey (United States): "I whakawhanakehia te ariā me te tikanga o te whakahiato waro."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Ko te takoha ki te whakawhanaketanga o nga tikanga mo te whakahiatotanga o te karihi karihi (NMR) teitei."

I roto i te 1992, Rudolph Marcus (USA): "Ko nga takoha ki te ariā o nga tauhohenga whakawhiti irahiko i roto i nga punaha matū."

I te tau 1993, Kelly Mullis (USA): "I whakawhanakehia nga tikanga rangahau matū-a-DNA me te whakawhanake i te tauhohenga mekameka polymerase (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Kanata): "I whakawhanake i nga tikanga rangahau matū e pa ana ki te DNA, me te whai waahi ki te whakatuu o te oligonucleotide-pae-whakahaere mutagenesis me tana takoha taketake ki te whanaketanga o te rangahau pūmua."

I roto i te 1994, George Andrew Euler (United States): "Ko nga takoha ki te rangahau o te matū warowaihā."

I te 1995, ko Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): "Te rangahau mo te matū o te rangi, ina koa te rangahau mo te hanganga me te pirau o te ozone."

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Discover fullerene."

I roto i te 1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Whakamaramahia te tikanga catalytic enzymatic i roto i te synthesis o adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

I roto i te 1998, Walter Cohen (USA): "whakaturia kiato mahi ariā";

John Pope (UK): I whakawhanakehia nga tikanga rorohiko i roto i te matū quantum.

I te tau 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Ihipiana): "Te ako mo nga ahuatanga whakawhiti o nga tauhohenga matū ma te whakamahi i te hihinga femtosecond."

I te 2000, Alan Haig (United States), McDelmead (United States), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "i kitea me te whakawhanake i nga polymers conductive."

I te tau 2001, ko William Standish Knowles (US) me Noyori Ryoji (Japan): "Rangahau mo te Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "Te Ako mo te Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

I roto i te 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) me Koichi Tanaka (Japan): "Whakawhanakehia tikanga mo te tautuhi me te tātari hanganga o macromolecules koiora, a ka whakapumautia he tikanga ionization desorption ngohengohe mo te tātari spectrometry papatipu o macromolecules koiora" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "I hangaia he tikanga mo te tautuhi me te wetewete i te hanganga o nga macromolecules koiora, me te whakatuu tikanga mo te wetewete i te hanganga toru-ahu o te macromolecules koiora i roto i te otinga ma te whakamahi i te hihinga o te resonance autō karihi."

I roto i te 2003, Peter Agre (USA): "Ko te rangahau o nga awa katote i roto i nga kiriuhi pūtau i kitea nga awa wai";

Roderick McKinnon (Te Hononga o Amerika): "Ko te ako o nga awa katote i roto i nga kiriuhi pūtau, te ako mo te hanganga o te hongere katote me te tikanga."

I roto i te 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), Owen Ross (US): "kitea ubiquitin-takawaenga pūmua degradation."

I roto i te 2005, Yves Chauvin (France), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "I whakawhanakehia te tikanga o te metathesis i roto i te whakahiato waro."

I roto i te 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Te rangahau i runga i te kaupapa molecular o te tuhi eukaryotic."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Germany): "Te rangahau mo te tukanga matū o nga papa totoka."

I te tau 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (United States), Qian Yongjian (United States): "I kitea me te whakarereke i te pūmua fluorescent matomato (GFP)."

I te 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Te rangahau mo te hanganga me te mahi o nga ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Rangahau mo te Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

I roto i te 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Israel): "Te kitenga o quasicrystals."

I roto i te 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (United States): "Rangahau i runga i G pūmua-honohia receptors."

I te 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: I hangaia nga tauira tauine-maha mo nga punaha matū matatini.

I roto i te 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Germany), William Esko Molnar (United States): Paetae i roto i te mara o super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

I roto i te 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Turkey): Rangahau i runga i te tikanga pūtau o te hanga DNA.

I te tau 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (France), James Fraser Stuart (UK/US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Hoahoa me te whakahiato o nga miihini ngota.

I roto i te 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Germany), Richard Henderson (UK): whakawhanakehia karuiti cryo-hiko mo te hanganga taumira teitei whakatau o biomolecules i roto i te otinga.

Ko te haurua o nga tohu 2018 i whakawhiwhia ki te kaiputaiao o Amerika a Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) hei whakanui i tana mohiotanga ki te whanaketanga o nga enzymes; Ko tetahi atu haurua i whakawhiwhia ki nga kaiputaiao o Amerika (George P. Smith) me te kaiputaiao Ingarangi Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) hei whakanui I mohio ratou ki te hangarau whakaatu phage o nga peptides me nga antibodies.